Stone, brick, earth, wood

Apart from earthen works and dry and water moats, fortress fortification landscape also included greenery, used as a hindrance. It consisted mostly of thorny plants, easy to cut and thicken, such as blackthorn and hawthorn and later black locust. Wide stripes of greenery effectively hindered exits from the moat to its dry banks and blurred the visibility of its edges. A change of landform features was a surprise to attackers. Greenery also accompanied combat positions, giving them a visual background, which hindered aiming from a larger range and protected soldiers from sunshine. Trees were also planted to be a source of wood used for lighting the foreground and making fires to keep warm during cold nights. Greenery had one more purpose which is hard to understand today; it created the prestige and aesthetics of the fortress. Thousands of cottonwoods planted in Zamość in the 1820s and 1830s as presented on water-colours by Jan Paweł Lelewel and confirmed by analysis of historical plans, had a negligible camouflage effect. Their task was to emphasize the order and majesty of the silhouette of the fortress, which gave the impression of a war machine which was well-designed, ready for combat and kept in perfect order.